Vaccinating cattle against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 could cut human cases by 85%

Roslin Institute scientists are part of a collaborative group that has reported that vaccinating cattle against the E. coli O157 bacterium could cut the number of human cases of the disease by 85%.

The E. coli O157 bacterium, which causes severe gastrointestinal illness and even death in humans, is spread by consuming contaminated food and water, or by contact with livestock faeces in the environment. Cattle are the main reservoir for the bacterium.

The vaccines that are available for cattle are rarely used, but the latest study suggests the public health benefits could be significant. The research was lead by a team of researchers at the University of Glasgow in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh, the Royal Veterinary College, Scotland's Rural College, Health Protection Scotland, and the Scottish E. coli O157/VTEC Reference Laboratory. The study, published online in the journal PNAS (www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/09/10/1304978110) used veterinary, human and molecular data to examine the risks of E. coli O157 transmission from cattle to humans, and to estimate the impact of vaccinating cattle.

The risk of E. coli O157 infection is particularly significant when the cattle are 'super-shedding' - excreting extremely high numbers of bacteria in their faeces for a limited period of time. Vaccines against the bacteria exist that can reduce super-shedding. As a consequence, the researchers predict that vaccinating cattle could reduce human cases by nearly 85 percent, far higher than the 50 percent predicted by studies simply looking at the efficacy of current vaccines in cattle.

These figures provide strong support for the adoption of vaccines by the livestock industry, and work is now underway to establish the economic basis for such a programme of vaccination. Lead author, Dr Louise Matthews, Senior Research Fellow in the Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, said: "E. coli O157 is a serious gastrointestinal illness. The economic impact is also serious - for instance studies in the US suggest that healthcare, lost productivity and food product recalls due to E. coli O157 can cost hundreds of millions of dollars each year.

Our study also shows that E. coli producing the toxin type that causes the most serious and potentially lethal symptoms in humans is also associated with super-shedding from cattle. The more we discover about how the bacteria colonise cattle, the more we are able to target these processes to improve vaccines.

Research is ongoing in Scotland by the same collaborative group to develop better vaccines against E. coli.

In Scotland, an average of 235 culture positive cases of E. coli O157 infection per year (i.e. people who had the organism in their stools) were notified to Health Protection Scotland from 2008 to 2012.

The vaccines that are available currently have poor take-up: one version in the US is not fully licensed because medicines for veterinary use must show that animal health is improved. This is problematic because E. coli O157 does not harm cattle and assessing the impact of treatment involves coordination between human and veterinary health practitioners.

We increasingly recognise the fact that we share a common environment with the animals we keep - and inevitably the pathogens they harbour. This study is an excellent example the interface between veterinary and human medicine and of the concept of 'One Health' in action - controlling infections in animals can have a major impact on public health.

The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust International Partnership Award in Veterinary Epidemiology, BBSRC Institute Strategic Programmes at The Roslin Institute and The Pirbright Institute and the Foods Standards Agency Scotland.