Tall trees at risk of thirst in droughts

Droughts could kill off the tallest trees in tropical rainforests in coming decades, a study suggests.

For the first time, scientists have identified the ecological trigger that brings about the death of tropical rainforest trees during prolonged water shortages.

Reduced rainfall forecast in coming decades could cause the breakdown of the transport system in trees that takes water up from soil to the leaves, scientists say.

Carbon emissions

This is likely to add significantly to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through decomposition of the dead trees.

It could also mean rainforests in the future are populated by smaller trees, which store less carbon, the team says.

Water transport

Until now, how trees die from drought was poorly understood.

Previous research suggested that a severe lack of water might have prevented trees from making enough sugars to fuel their metabolism, causing them to starve and die.

Findings from the world’s longest-running drought study in tropical rainforest, led by Edinburgh scientists, show that it is breakages in the trees’ water transport system that lead to their death - rather than starvation.

The results suggest that the Amazon rainforest is not resistant to intense droughts, nor to long-term drought.

Long-scale study

Over a 13-year period, researchers carried out fieldwork to assess the impact of drought on trees in the Amazon.

Using a large-scale drought experiment, they monitored growth, sugar levels and the performance of the water transport system in the trees.

Scientists found that the amount of sugars stored in trees experiencing drought for more than a decade was similar to those in trees which had normal amounts of water during the same period.

Drought-affected trees were found to grow at a normal rate right up until they died, indicating that they had enough sugars to fuel their metabolism and that starvation was not the trigger for death.

Tall tree risk

The study shows that during severe drought, air bubbles can enter the sap of trees and break columns of water inside the tissues that transport water and nutrients - known as xylem.

The tallest trees are most vulnerable to this process which can then lead to death; smaller trees are more likely to survive, the team says.

The study, published in the journal Nature, was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the Brazilian National Research Council, the European Union and the Australian Research Council.

The work was co-led with the Federal University of Pará, Brazil, and was carried out in collaboration with the Australian National University, the Universities of Leeds and Oxford, and research centres in Spain and Brazil.