Past events
Selected seminars, conferences, lectures, film screenings, exhibitions, and workshops in Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies (2015 -).
Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies Seminar Series

Each semester, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies (IMES) welcomes a fantastic range of guest speakers and colleagues to present an evening seminar on their research.
The topics span fields as diverse as film and media, literature, religion, society and politics in the Middle East and the wider Islamic world.
Please note that speaker titles and universities, as listed, date from the time of the event and may have changed.
Please note that speaker titles and universities, as listed, date from the time of the event and may have changed.
Date | Title | Speaker(s) |
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10 May 2021 | Dreams/Cinema/Palestine | Dr Greg Burris (University of Beirut) |
10 February 2020 | The role of family in the lives of Istanbul janissaries in the 18th century | Gemma Masson (ASTENE) |
3 February 2020 | Interactions between Byzantines and ArabMuslims in 9th-10th century Sicily | Annliese Nef (Université Paris I) |
27 January 2020 | Diagrams in Byzantine Medical Manuscripts | Petros Bouras-Vallianatos (University of Edinburgh) |
20 January 2020 | Islamisation in Mongol Anatolia | Andrew Peacock (University of St Andrews) |
13 January 2020 | Greek translations into Middle Persian and Byzantine Greek translations into Arabic and Persian | Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (University of Edinburgh) |
25 November 2019 | Byzantine Sardinia and the Arab Conquests | Alex Metcalfe (University of Lancaster) |
18 November 2019 | 'Marginalised opinions, uncensored voices, and unabashed attitudes': LGBT Pop-Activism in Jordan | Dr Ebtihal Mahadeen (University of Edinburgh) |
11 November 2019 | The Art of Social Realism in Rakhshan Banietemad’s Films | Maryam Ghorbankarimi (University of Lancaster) |
4 November 2019 | Negotiating Constitutionalism and Conflict in the Qajar Era: A Close Reading of the “bast” at the British Legation | Mira Xenia Schwerda (Harvard University) |
28 October 2019 | Criteria for dating early Islamic exegetical Traditions | Dr Andreas Görke (University of Edinburgh) |
21 October 2019 | A Crisis of Marriage, A Crisis of Legitimacy: Kinship, Islam, and Institution-Building in Jordan | Dr Geoffrey Hughes (University of Exeter) |
14 October 2019 | Zarathustra through Muslim Eyes | Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (University of Edinburgh) |
7 October 2019 | Iran vs US: War or Peace? Or if not, what? | Jim Muir (independent scholar) |
30 September 2019 | From mistrust to understanding? Making constitution and reaching agreement in Tunisia after the Revolution for Dignity | Tereza Jermanova (Charles University) |
23 September 2019 | 'Visualizing a Medieval ‘Scientist’: ʿAbbās b. Firnās in the Contemporary Imagination | Dr Glaire Anderson (University of Edinburgh) |
16 September 2019 | Researching Islamic pop music | Dr Jonas Otterbeck (Aga Khan University's Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations, London) |
1 April 2019 | Gulf History: from the Annals of the British Library to the Digital Universe | Ula Zeir (The British Library) |
25 March 2019 | The Future of Islamic Studies in the UK | Professor Hugh Goddard (University of Edinburgh) |
18 March 2019 | Between Affect and Scepticism: Nonverbal Lyricism and the Essay Film | Professor Laura Rascaroli (University College Cork) |
11 March 2019 | Search and Research: Library Resources on Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies | Dr Shenxiao Tong (University of Edinburgh) |
4 March 2019 | Differentiation in the Arabic as a Foreign Language Classroom | Dr Giorgia Ferrari (University of Exeter) |
25 February 2019 | The Acquisition of Knowledge is Equivalent to the Fear of God: Educational Thought in Classical Islam | Professor Sebastian Günther (University of Göttingen) |
18 February 2019 |
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Omaima Al-Jubouri (University of Edinburgh); Matteo Randazzo (University of Edinburgh) |
11 February 2019 | Culinary Culture of the Middle East | Jennifer Scarce (University of Dundee) |
4 February 2019 | Islamic Studies – Scientific or Confessional? A Contested University Subject | Professor Jørgen Nielsen (University of Birmingham) |
28 January 2019 | Arabic Diglossia as Language Ideology: Implications for Teaching' | Jona Fras (University of Edinburgh) |
21 January 2019 | Broadening Horizons: Teaching Socio-Cultural Anthropology of the Middle East | Dr Janet Starkey (Durham University) |
14 January 2019 | Arabic at Edinburgh before IMES | Dr Anthony Gorman (University of Edinburgh) |
26 November 2018 | Engendering and Gendering Memory in Palestinian Folktales | Dr Farah Aboubakr (University of Edinburgh) |
19 November 2018 | Building Prophetic Communities: A New Generation of Female Islamic Scholars in Britain | Dr Giulia Liberatore (University of Edinburgh) |
12 November 2018 | Religious Authority in London's Shi' Triangle: The Dynamics of a Transnational Competition | Dr Elvire Corboz (University of Edinburgh) |
5 November 2018 | Literary Analysis of the Iranian Ta'ziyeh Repertoire: Foregrounding the Mother in the Martyrdom of Qasem | Lucy Deacon (University of Edinburgh); Marjan Asi (University of Edinburgh) |
29 October 2018 |
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Ely Dagher (University of Edinburgh); Erden Goktepe (University of Edinburgh) |
22 October 2018 | Legal and Linguistic Continuity in Coptic Documents from Post-Conquest Egypt | Samuel Cook (Macquarie University) |
15 October 2018 | Book launch: 'The Fatimid Caliphate: Diversity of Traditions' | Dr Farhad Daftary (The Institute of Ismaili Studies); Dr Shainool Jiwa (The Institute of Ismaili Studies) |
8 October 2018 | Female Mourning in Islam: Historical Precedents and Contemporary Diasporic Perspectives | Dr Alistair Hunter (University of Edinburgh/University of Glasgow) |
1 October 2018 | The Democratic Grotesque: Masquerade and Dissensus in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia | Dr Charis Boutieri (King's College London) |
24 September 2018 | The Finances of the Caliphate: Abbasid Fiscal Practice in Islamic Late Antiquity | Dr Marie Legendre (University of Edinburgh) |
17 September 2018 | Turkish Modernity from a Literary Perspective: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar | Dr Hilal Kaya (University of Edinburgh) |
19 March 2018 | Militarist Masculinity, Militarist Femininity: Gendering Jordan’s War on the Islamic State | Dr Ebtihal Mahadeen (University of Edinburgh) |
12 March 2018 | Reporting Lebanon: Orientalism as News Practice | Dr Zahera Harb (City, University of London) |
5 March 2018 |
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Omaima Al Jubouri (University of Edinburgh); Asif Khanan (University of Edinburgh) |
19 February 2018 | Refugees, Embodied Memories, and Intimate Politics: Palestinian Tales | Dr Ruba Salih (SOAS University of London) |
12 February 2018 | The Good, the Bad and the Ugly?: Unveiling American Muslim Women in Rolla Selbak’s Three Veils | Dr Alberto Carbajal (Roehampton University) |
5 February 2018 | Problematising Migrant Domestic Work in the Middle East: A Philosopher's Perspective | Dr Arianne Shahvisi (University of Sussex) |
29 January 2018 | Playing Chess Inside the Lion’s Mouth: LGBT Activism in Lebanon | Dr John Nagle (University of Aberdeen) |
22 January 2018 | Toward 'The Good Life': Feminist Reflections on Normalcy and Hope in Israeli Settler Colonialism | Dr Katie Natanel (University of Exeter) |
15 January 2018 | Tcharmil: The Birth Of a Moroccan Gangsta Culture. Masculinity, Femininity and Gender Relations Within the Working-Classes | Dr Meriam Cheikh (University of Edinburgh) |
27 November 2017 | Ruling Families and Business in the Gulf Monarchies: The Re-Definition of the Oligarchic Pact | Dr Marc Valeri (University of Exeter) |
20 November 2017 | Friends, Colleagues and Grand Vezirs: The Ottoman Art of Letter-writing (c. 1600) | Dr Christine Woodhead (Durham University) |
17 November 2017 | Syria: What Went Wrong? | Professor Raymond Hinnebusch (University of St Andrews) |
13 November 2017 |
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Farshid Kazemi (University of Edinburgh); Aurangzeb Haneef (University of Edinburgh) |
6 November 2017 | Egypt and the 2013 rupture and beyond: reflections on unruly politics | Professor Mariz Tadros (University of Sussex) |
30 October 2017 | Marriage and the Origins of Mecca | Dr Majied Robinson (University of Edinburgh) |
23 October 2017 | Mary the mother of Jesus in Islam | Professor Carole Hillenbrand (University of Edinburgh) |
16 October 2017 | New Directions in Iranian Cinema | Dr Nacim Pak-Shiraz (University of Edinburgh) |
9 October 2017 | Picturing the Later Mughals - Shah Alam II and Bazgasht Imagery in British Delhi | Dr Yuthika Sharma (University of Edinburgh) |
2 October 2017 | Behind Bars - Reflections on a History of the Middle Eastern Prison | Dr Anthony Gorman (University of Edinburgh) |
25 September 2017 | The Evolution of Islamic Chivalry (futuwwa) from the ʿAbbasids to the Ottomans' | Dr Ines Aščerić-Todd (University of Edinburgh) |
18 September 2017 | Types of Connotation, and their Implications for Arabic/English translation | Professor James Dickins (University of Leeds) |
3 April 2017 | Early Iranian and Arab Shi`i Discussions of Leadership Between Late Antiquity and Early Islam | Professor Andrew Newman (University of Edinburgh) |
27 March 2017 | An 8th-century Turkic rebel against Islamic proselytising: Gülnar Hatun | Professor Ayşe Çalık Ross (University of Kocaeli) |
20 March 2017 | Motifs in the legends of the pre-Islamic kings and tribes | Professor Julia Bray (University of Oxford) |
13 March 2017 | Holy cities and regime change in the 8th-century Islamic world | Dr Harry Munt (University of York) |
6 March 2017 | Captivity, Concubinage, and Consent | Professor Kecia Ali (University of Boston) |
27 February 2017 | Adi ibn Zayd al-‘Ibadi and the origin of the Arabic wine song | Dr Kirill Dmitriev (University of St Andrews) |
20 February 2017 | Society and housing in Late Antique and early Islamic Palmyra | Dr Emanuele Intagliata (University of Edinburgh) |
13 February 2017 |
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Simon Loynes (University of Edinburgh); Matthew Barber (University of Edinburgh) |
6 February 2017 | Mosaics from the late Byzantine to early Islamic period | Dr Richard McClary (University of Edinburgh) |
30 January 2017 | The Great Mosque of Damascus in Umayyad Times | Dr Alain George (University of Edinburgh) |
23 January 2017 | From dietary antinomianism to dietary prohibitions | Dr Nicolai Sinai (University of Oxford) |
16 January 2017 | Alexander the Great in Early Persian and Arabic Historiography | Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (University of Edinburgh) |
28 November 2016 | Arabic Cross-dialectal Conversations with Implications for the Teaching of Arabic as a Second Language | Dr Rasha Soliman (University of Leeds) |
21 November 2016 | Ethnographying sex work, analysing intimate lives | Dr Mériam Cheikh (University of Edinburgh) |
14 November 2016 | Solomon on Screen: The Qur’an and Cinema | Dr Nacim Pak-Shiraz (University of Edinburgh) |
7 November 2016 | "That Hideous Schizophrenia": A Genealogy of Islamic Polemics against Christianity and Secularism | Dr Joshua Ralston (University of Edinburgh) |
31 October 2016 |
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Neil Russell (University of Edinburgh); Ben Robin (University of Edinburgh) |
24 October 2016 | International Relations in the Middle East: Social Movements and Regional Order | Dr Ewan Stein (University of Edinburgh) |
17 October 2016 | Arab Varieties of Capitalism | Dr Steffen Hertog (London School of Economic) |
10 October 2016 | Untold Stories: Arab Media Provision for Children | Professor Naomi Sakr (University of Westminster) |
3 October 2016 | Is Torture Allowed in the Shariah or Not? | Dr Jonathan Brown (Georgetown University) |
26 September 2016 | Liberty and Coloniality in the early modern Arabic comparative criticism of Rūḥī al-Khālidī | Haifa Saud Alfaisal (King Saud University) |
19 September 2016 | Body and Spirit in Early Islamic Thought | Dr Ayman Shihadeh (SOAS University of London) |
28 March 2016 |
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Harriet Fildes (University of Edinburgh); Aurangzeb Haneef (University of Edinburgh) |
21 March 2016 |
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Ula Zeir (University of Edinburgh); Zeynep Merve Uygun (University of Edinburgh) |
14 March 2016 | Yemen at war: a political and strategic assessment | Laurent Bonnefoy (CNRS-CERI Paris) |
7 March 2016 | Revolt, rebellion and civil war in the Umayyad period | Dr Andrew Marsham (University of Edinburgh) |
29 February 2016 | Libya from revolution to chaos, from chaos to dialogue | Virginie Collombier (European University Institute) |
22 February 2016 | Syria: destructions, displacements, and territorial changes | Leila Vignal (Université Rennes 2) |
8 February 2016 | Refugees, war, and state-making in the Middle East | Dr Benjamin White (University of Glasgow) |
1 February 2016 | Investigating civil war in Syria from YouTube | Cécile Boëx (The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Paris) |
25 January 2016 | The different stages of the Kurdish liberation struggle in Iraq | Dr Yaniv Voller (University of Edinburgh) |
18 January 2016 | Jihad in Syria as self-accomplishment: Diaries of a female member of the Islamic State | Dr Thomas Pierret (University of Edinburgh) |
11 January 2016 |
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Ching-An Chang (University of Edinburgh); Saverio Leopardi (University of Edinburgh) |
7 December 2015 |
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Alessandro Columbu (University of Edinburgh); Lovisa Berg (University of Edinburgh) |
30 November 2015 | Sectarianism in International Relations: The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry since 1979. | Dr Toby Matthiesen (St. Antony's College, University of Oxford) |
24 November 2015 | The Archaeology of Everyday Life in Early Islam | Fanny Bessard (University of St Andrews) |
23 November 2015 |
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Su I-Wen (University of Edinburgh); Raphael Cormack (University of Edinburgh) |
16 November 2015 | Afghanistan’s Shia minorities: Politics and sectarian tensions during the second Afghan war (1878-1881) | Dr Francesca Fuoli (SOAS University of London) |
9 November 2015 | Polite Conversation and its Consequences in the Ottoman Empire | Dr Helen Pfeifer (University of Cambridge) |
2 November 2015 | Transnational Shīʿism and the Endangered Promise of Pakistan: Rethinking Sunnī-Shī`ī Sectarianism in South Asia | Dr Simon W Fuchs (Princeton University) |
26 October 2015 | The Origins of the Conflict between Sunni and Shi‘i Islam | Professor Wilferd Madelung (University of Oxford) |
19 October 2015 | The ‘Hadith Literature’: What is it? And where is it? | Dr Stephen Burge (Institute of Ismaili Studies) |
12 October 2015 | One of a Kind: The Cinematic Style of the poetry of Ahmed Matar | Dr Ahmed Khaleel (University of York) |
5 October 2015 | Documenting endangered languages: The case of Modern South Arabian with focus on Mehri and Shahri (Jibbali) | Professor Janet Watson (University of Leeds) |
28 September 2015 |
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Sarah Irving (University of Edinburgh); Jona Fras (University of Edinburgh) |
21 September 2015 |
Farewell to the vanguard: Syria's Ahrar al-Sham Islamic Movement and wartime de-radicalisation |
Dr Thomas Pierret (University of Edinburgh) |
Meet, Greet and Eat

IMES regularly hosts free language exchange and socialising events.
Our Meet, Greet and Eat events give students, native speakers of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, and anyone interested in the Arab world and the Middle East a chance to get to know each other and practice their language skills in a relaxed setting.
Date | Venue |
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27 March 2020 | David Hume Tower |
28 February 2020 | David Hume Tower |
17 January 2020 | David Hume Tower |
15 November 2019 | 19 George Square |
6 October 2017 | |
4 November 2016 | |
4 March 2016 - part of the Edinburgh Arab Festival 2016 | Informatics Forum |
8 January 2016 - part of the Edinburgh Arab Festival 2016 |
Informatics Forum |
10 February 2015 - part of the Edinburgh Arab Festival 2015 |
Lectures, talks, discussions and readings
W.M. Watt Lecture
Arabic has been taught at the University of Edinburgh for over 260 years, and today our department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies is globally recognised as a leading centre in the field.
From his appointment as Lecturer in Arabic in 1947, until his retirement as Professor in 1979, William Montgomery Watt made an outstanding contribution both to Islamic scholarship and to the development of IMES.
The inaugural Watt Lecture was launched in November 2015 to mark the 50th anniversary of Watt's Inaugural Lecture as the first Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Scotland.
Speaker | Date | Venue | Theme |
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Professor Paul Starkey (Durham University) |
30 October 2019 | David Hume Tower | In Search of Identity: Faris al-Shidyaq and the 19th-Century Arabic Revival |
Dr Linda Komaroff (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) |
28 November 2018 | 50 George Square | Dining with the Sultan: Reflections on the Fine Art of Feasting at the Islamic Courts |
Professor Nur Masalha (SOAS University of London) | 2 November 2017 | Playfair Library | Powerful Symbols and the British-Zionist Alliance: From Balfour to the Nakba |
Professor Maribel Fierro (Spanish National Research Council, Spain) | 4 November 2016 | Old Medical School | Charisma and Anti-Charisma in al-Andalus |
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23 October 2015 | Playfair Library |
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Other lectures and talks

Date: 29 November 2022
Venue: Chrystal Macmillan Building
Guest speakers: Dr Ebtihal Mahadeen (University of Edinburgh); Professor Mary Holmes (University of Edinburgh); Dr Sara Ababneh (University of Sheffield)
In brief: A book launch and discussion of 'Women and the Media in Jordan: Gender, Power, Resistance', written by Dr Ebtihal Mahadeen. The discussion was followed by a Q&A and reception.

Date: 18 November 2021
Venue: Online (Zoom)
Speakers: Dr Lloyd Ridgeon (University of Glasgow); Professor Nacim Pak Shiraz (University of Edinburgh)
In brief: An online Q&A with Dr Lloyd Ridgeon to launch his new book 'Hijab: Three Modern Iranian Seminarian Perspectives' addressing the differences of opinion among seminarians on the hijab in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this special event, Professor Nacim Pak Shiraz joined Dr Ridgeon to discuss the book and its themes.

Date: 16 November 2019
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Events series: Inaugural Lectures at the University of Edinburgh
Speaker: Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (University of Edinburgh)
In brief: A free public lecture marking Professor Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila becoming Iraq Chair of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh. The lecture focused on cultural transmission between Arab-Islamic and western cultures, exploring how this mutual influence has been beneficial to both cultures in attaining new heights of human culture.
Date: 26 April 2019
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Speaker: Dr Hilal Kaya (University of Edinburgh/Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University)
In brief: A lecture on the concept of liminality and its various dimensions in Latife Tekin's 'Berji Kristin: Tales from the Garbage Hills' (1984).
Date: 3 March 2017
Venue: 19 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Speaker: Dr Jokha Alharthi (Sultan Qaboos University)
Date: 15 February 2017
Venue: 19 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Speaker: Professor Josef Wiesehöfer (University of Kiel)
Date: 30 September 2016
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Speaker: Dr Jonathan A. C. Brown (Georgetown University)
In brief: In this special public lecture, Dr Brown discussed the subject of Islamic Law (Shari'a) and the extent to which the Shari'a is able to accommodate the beliefs and practices of others through the use of some unexpected case studies.
Conferences and symposia
Date: 17 September 2016
Venue: William Robertson Wing, The University of Edinburgh
Speakers: Professor Ted Kaizer (University of Durham); Professor Robert Hillenbrand (University of Edinburgh/University of St Andrews); Koray Durak (Bogazici University); Simon Gundelfinger (University of Hamburg); Professor Carole Hillenbrand (University of Edinburgh/University of St Andrews); Dr Mike Bishop (University of Oxford)
Organisers: Dr Lucy Grig (Classics, University of Edinburgh) and Dr Andrew Marsham (IMES, University of Edinburgh)
In brief: A one-day conference co-organised by the School of History, Classics and Archaeology and the School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures. The conference comprised six public lectures and a panel discussion, broadly focusing on diverse aspects of the history, material and visual culture of Roman, Byzantine and Islamic Syria, as well as the current challenges to the preservation of Syria's archaeological heritage.
Dates: 9 to 11 July 2016
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
In brief: A three-day symposium comprising four panels of three speakers as well as two film screenings (Parviz (2012); Atomic Heart (2014)). The symposium brought together researchers from across a range of disciplines to discuss the constructions of masculinities in the Middle East. Organised by the Research Network on Male Bodies and Masculinities in the Middle East, part of Centre for the Advanced Study of the Arab World.
Dates: 23 and 24 October 2015
Venue: Playfair Library
In brief: A two-day event celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Inaugural Lecture of William Montgomery Watt as the first Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Scotland in October 1965. On 23 October, three lectures were given in the Playfair Library by Professor Carole Hillenbrand (University of Edinburgh), Professor Fred M. Donner (University of Chicago) and Dr Richard Holloway FRSE. The following day, a symposium entitled ‘Representations of Muhammad’ brought together scholars from both Edinburgh and abroad and comprised six presentations and a round-table discussion.
Film screenings and festivals
Date: 11 February 2016
Venue: Filmhouse Cinema, Edinburgh
Speakers: Dr Nacim Pak-Shiraz (University of Edinburgh); Farshid Kazemi (University of Edinburgh)
In brief: This informal and interactive event included a walking tour of the Iranian film posters on display at the Filmhouse Café followed by a discussion on some of the general themes within Iranian cinema, including the poetics and politics of Iranian cinema.
Dates: 11 to 15 January 2016
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
In brief: The Arab Documentary Film Week was organised by Edinburgh Arab Festival 2016 in partnership with Al-Jazeera Documentary channel. The festival featured Meet, Greet and Eat language exchange events and screenings of five Arabic documentary films: The Storyteller (الحكواتية); Rebellious Spirits: The Revolution of Gibran Khalil Gibran (أرواح متمردة.. ثورة جبران خليل جبران); Beirut Buenos Aires Beirut (بيروت بوينوس ايرس); Fear, Anger & Politics ( خوف وغضب وسياسة); Wooden Rifle (بارودة خشب).

Dates: 28 and 29 August 2015
Venue: 50 George Square, University of Edinburgh
Organiser: Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies
In brief: The Edinburgh Arab Festival was a two-day cultural festival providing visitors with a unique opportunity to gain an insight into Arab culture through a wide array of open events. The programme included over 30 individual events, including workshops, speeches and seminars in poetry, storytelling, fashion, film screenings, photography, calligraphy, art exhibitions, language taster classes, music, live entertainment, and food tasting.
Exhibitions, workshops and performances

Date: 12 December 2022
Venue: The University Chaplaincy
Organiser: The Chaplaincy and the Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies department
In brief: A session delivered and facilitated by Mourad Diouri (IMES) and Rev Geoffrey Baines (The Chaplaincy). It was a hands-on workshop of Islamic Mosaic colouring, journaling and doodling to celebrate the UN’s International Day of Islamic Art on the 18 November 2022.
Date: 1 March 2019
Venue: Appleton Tower, University of Edinburgh
Keynote speaker: Dr Michael Willis (St Antony's College, University of Oxford)
Organiser: Dr Mériam Cheikh (University of Edinburgh)
In brief: This one-day workshop comprised three themed panel sessions and a keynote lecture. Held in partnership with Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions - European Commission, Laboratoire Méditerranéen de Sociologie (LAMES - CNRS) and Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme (MMSH).