Bid to beat baby chest infection boosted by immune study

March 2016: Babies at risk of a serious lung infection could be helped by a therapy based on the body’s natural immune defences

Babies at risk of a serious lung infection could be helped by a therapy based on the body’s natural immune defences. Scientists have found that a compound produced by the body’s immune system can kill the virus that causes the disease – known as respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV. The study led by Dr Donald Davidson of MRC-CIR –involved mice and healthy adults and suggests that treatments that encourage the immune system to produce more of this compound could help to protect infected babies from developing a life-threatening illness. Such treatments could also protect elderly people with respiratory or cardiovascular disease, who are vulnerable to the infection.

Around a third of all children become ill from RSV infection before the age of two. In some cases, the infection can develop into a life-threatening illness that requires hospital attention. The team led by Dr Davidson found that the compound – called cathelicidin – directly attacks virus particles, stopping them from binding to and infecting the body’s cells. Mice that cannot produce cathelicidin are more susceptible to RSV, the team found. However, treating them with the compound at the same time as infection with RSV stops the animals from becoming ill. The study also showed that healthy adults who produce lower levels of cathelicidin in their nose are more susceptible to RSV infection. This suggests that the compound could prove useful as a therapy for people, the researchers say. 

Scientists now plan to investigate why some people produce more cathelicidin than others, in the hope that they can find new ways of boosting natural production of the compound. RSV infection causes a respiratory illness called bronchiolitis in young children that results in breathing difficulties and wheezing. Millions of infants around the world are affected each year.

The study, to be published in the latest issue of the Journal of Immunology, was funded by the Medical Research Council. Dr Donald Davidson said: “Our study shows that boosting the body’s natural defences could be a useful therapeutic approach to stop RSV infection from turning into a life-threatening infection in babies and vulnerable adults."

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