Assessment reveals impact of pet food production

Land equivalent to twice the size of the UK used to make dry food for cats and dogs.

An area double the size of the UK is used to produce dry pet food for cats and dogs each year, a study shows.

Analysis of the carbon footprint of pet food production also revealed that the industry emits more greenhouse gases each year than countries such as Mozambique and the Philippines.

The project, led by the University of Edinburgh and involving researchers from the Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, is the first to assess the global environmental impact of pet food production.

Researchers say rising demand for pet food – driven by an increase in pet ownership around the world – should be factored into initiatives aimed at improving sustainability of the global food system.

Ingredient study

The team analysed data on the main ingredients in more than 280 types of dry pet food available in the US and Europe, regions which account for two-thirds of global sales.

They found that around half of dry food is made up of crop plants – such as corn, rice or wheat – with the rest consisting of various animal or fish products. Researchers combined the findings with data on the environmental impacts of producing the ingredients.

Around 49 million hectares of agricultural land – roughly twice the size of the UK – are used annually to make dry food for cats and dogs, scientists said, which accounts for 95 per cent of pet food sales.

The annual greenhouse gas emissions associated with this were 106 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. A country producing the same levels would be the world’s 60th highest emitter, researchers said.

The full environmental impact of the industry will be higher as the new study only looked at dry pet food production, the team said.

The study, published in the journal Global Environmental Change, also involved researchers from the Univerisity’s School of GeoSciences and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany. The research was supported by the UK's Global Food Security Programme and the Helmholtz Association.

Pet ownership has a significant. and increasing, impact on land use and in generating greenhouse gas emissions. This should be considered in efforts to make global food systems more sustainable.

Even accounting for the use of by-products in pet foods, the feeding of companion animals plays a role in environmental change. This is a topic that has been previously overlooked, but we have shown that pets and how they are fed should be considered alongside other actions to reduce climate change and biodiversity loss.